Root canal therapy, also known as endodontic therapy, is a dental procedure performed to save a damaged or infected tooth. It is a common treatment for teeth with infected pulp, which is the soft tissue at the center of the tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. Root canal therapy involves the removal of the infected or damaged pulp, cleaning and disinfecting the inside of the tooth, and sealing it to prevent further infection. Here's an overview of the process:

1. Diagnosis: The first step is a thorough examination by a dentist. They will assess the tooth's condition, often using X-rays to determine the extent of infection or damage. Common reasons for needing a root canal include severe toothache, sensitivity to hot and cold, swelling or abscess around the tooth, and visible damage or decay.

2. Local Anesthesia: To ensure the patient is comfortable and pain-free during the procedure, the dentist will administer local anesthesia to numb the affected tooth and the surrounding area.

3. Isolation: The dentist will use a rubber dam to isolate the tooth, keeping it dry and free from saliva during the procedure.

4. Access Opening: The dentist creates an opening in the crown of the tooth, usually at the back, to access the pulp chamber.

5. Removal of Pulp: Using specialized instruments, the infected or damaged pulp tissue is removed from the pulp chamber and root canals. The interior of the tooth is then cleaned and disinfected to eliminate bacteria.

6. Shaping and Filling: After cleaning, the dentist shapes the root canals to prepare them for filling. The empty spaces are then filled with a biocompatible material called gutta-percha to seal the canals and prevent further infection.

7. Restoration: A temporary or permanent filling is placed in the access opening created in the crown. In some cases, a dental crown may be recommended to provide strength and protection to the treated tooth, as the tooth can become brittle over time.

8. Follow-Up: After the root canal procedure, patients may experience some discomfort or mild pain, which can typically be managed with over-the-counter pain medication. It's important to follow the dentist's post-treatment instructions for a successful recovery.

Root canal therapy is highly effective and can often save a tooth that would otherwise need to be extracted. It allows patients to retain their natural teeth and maintain proper oral function. While the procedure has a reputation for being painful, advances in dental techniques and anesthesia have made it much more comfortable. If you experience symptoms of an infected or damaged tooth, consult a dentist promptly to assess whether a root canal is needed to preserve the tooth and relieve any pain or discomfort.